Ck vs Warnaco Essay - 752 Words

Alexa Tondi Professor Trachtenberg FM324 Section 75A 17 November 2011 Case Study Assignment: Calvin Klein vs. Warnaco Group Inc. On May 30, 2000 The Calvin Klein family filed a lawsuit against Warnaco Group Inc for eighteen counts of trademark infringement, trademark dilution and intentional misrepresentation. Nearly a month later Warnaco answered with a counter suit, denying the major allegations and justifying the dilution to falling within the scope of the two parities licensing agreement. The case study brings forth information regarding fashion retailing, distribution practices and even the licensing practices expected within the marketplace, however as a reader one should keep in mind that during the millennium â€Å"licensing†¦show more content†¦This mutual understanding is what was portrayed within an agreement between the two parties and what worked toward success over the next forty years. This case study touches on many topics within licensing but the three most dominant aspects within the Warnaco Group vs. Calvin Klein suit are the agreements and understandings discussed with a contrac t, the rights to a trademark and the rights of both the licensor and the licensee. While briefing this case study one can not help but notice, stated on page 21, the agreements that are displayed in exhibit 1: Excerpts from Calvin Klein Jeanswear Licensing Agreement. Here it is clear that the agreement, signed by BOTH parties, states that Warnaco agrees to maximize the quantity of Articles sold, and will be consistent with CKI’s past practices. One can assume, that due to the prolonged history between the two parties this includes Costco, Sam’s Club and BJs store, which alone were held responsible for 150 million dollars in warehouse sales, just one year prior to the filing of the lawsuit. It is also important to point out that this licensing agreement is not with CKI as the owner, it is in fact a licensing agreement with the CK Trademark Trust being the beneficial owner to ALL rights, titles and interest in or to the Licensed Mark. The licensing agreement then continu es to state that â€Å"Warnaco controls any such act or thing which may cause any affect to the Trust.† With the understanding of licensing,

The Absurdity Of The Victorian Upper Class Society

Nora Abushaaban Marietta Reber EWRT 2z November 25, 2016 The Absurdity of the Victorian Upper-Class Society Sans irony, the title of the play, The Importance of Being Earnest - A Trivial Comedy for Serious People, by Oscar Wilde probably would have been called â€Å"The Insignificance of Being Earnest.† This is because throughout the play all the major characters lied and were not the least bit earnest. This comedy is a satire on the mannerisms of the Victorian upper-class society in the late 1800s. As it is a satire, Wilde’s intent was to poke fun at the aristocrats of his time by exaggerating their behavior to criticize how substanceless their lifestyles were. Wilde incorporates various elements of literature including genre, symbolism, and characterization to challenge the Victorian upper class’ arrogant lifestyle. They key literary device Wilde used to popularize his critique of the Victorian upper-class was genre. As this was a play, the genre would fall under drama. This type of drama was specifically known as a farce: a comedic dramatic work with absurd events. This play was a comedy in the traditional sense because it is a satire with a happy ending, as well is in the modern definition in that it is humorous. â€Å"Inseparable from any definition of satire is its corrective purpose, expressed through a critical mode which ridicules or otherwise attacks those conditions needing reformation in the opinion of the satirist† (Harris). In this case the satirist would be Wilde.Show MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde980 Words   |  4 Pageshypocrisy. Set in Victorian England, the two bachelors, Algernon and Jack, fight over which one of them will take the name Ernest in order to win their own girl. Wilde circumvents conventionalism and employs superior satirical st rategy to not only teach the importance of being earnest, a characteristic held dear by Victorian society, but he also chastises his world for the hypocrisy between man and woman and between upper and lower classes. Earnest does more than criticize Victorian society: the play remainsRead MoreThe Significance Of Being Earnest, By Oscar Wilde1305 Words   |  6 Pagesexaggeration around a core of society.† Satire exposes the absurdity embedded in society through exaggerated extremes of social norms. Satire is the hyperbolic expressions of absurdity, which provides clarity through sarcasm and offensive exaggerations to project a society’s ethics. In Oscar Wilde’s play, The Importance of Being Earnest, Wilde exposes the absurdity of Victorian aristocratic social propriety. Wilde utilizes numerous ironic puns and sarcasm in order to satirize Victorian social responsibilitiesRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1418 Words   |  6 Pagesthe people of the Victorian Era act. The play itself follows Algernon Moncrieff and Jack Worthing, and their quest to get acquainted with their future fiancà ©es, Cecily Cardew and Gwendolen Fairfax. Additionally, Wilde wrote t he play during the aestheticism movement, which promoted the creation of art for art’s sake. Through the use of humor, irony, and sarcasm, Wilde highlights the artificiality of Victorian society. From this, two major themes arise: people from the Victorian Era place significanceRead MoreThe Victorian Age : An Upper Class Society1049 Words   |  5 Pages2015 The Victorian Age: An Upper Class Society The Victorian Period, the years between 1837 and 1901, was named after the reign of the great Queen Victoria in English civilization. It was during her regime that England gained economic prosperity, experienced the rapid growth of the empire, encountered dramatic changes and religious beliefs. Various social classes represented the population of England, comprising of the upper class, the middle class, the working class and the under class. Social orderRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Alice s Adventures 1293 Words   |  6 Pagesas a children’s story, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland has remained a mainstay with children and adults for well over one hundred and fifty years. Adults and children today can see the faults of government and society with Carroll’s use of logical nonsense to satirize Victorian era society, morality, and their sense of justice. One reason Carroll’s novel Alice in Wonderland remains in the hearts of both children and adults after so much time is due to Carroll’s keen ability to write both logic andRead MoreOscar Wildes Use Of Criticism In English Literature1107 Words   |  5 PagesA central theme of English literature in the Victorian Era was the criticism of various facets of the society. With all the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution, authors such as Charles Dickens used their work to express their views on the social system and stratification of classes. Likewise, Oscar Wilde was a playwright whose criticism, expressed in the form of satire, mostly targeted the upper classes. His famous play The Importance of Being Earnest provides a prime example of the useRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1086 Words   |  5 Pages The Importance of Being Earnest, written by a fascinating Oscar Wilde reveals a story of social class and hierarchy during the roaring Victorian time period (1837-1901). Focusing his writing on the social classes, the play becomes comical when he exposes the flaws held by the upper class during this time. Wilde saw earnestness as being a key ideal in Victorian culture for much of British society struck Wilde as dry, stern, conservative, and so â€Å"earnestly† concerned with the maintenance of socialRead MoreRussell Jackson ´s Review of The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde 1307 Words   |  6 Pagesof society To what extent is Wildes play critical of society? The Importance of Being Earnest: a Trivial Comedy for Serious People is a play written by, author, poet and playwright Oscar Wilde in 1894 and debuted at St Jamess Theatre in London in 1895. The Importance of Being Earnest is Wildes most eminent work and renowned for its abundant quips and entertaining satirical views on Victorian values, marriage and love. He continuously mocks the hypocritical and superficial views of upper-classRead More Satirical Social Construct Theories in Carolls Wonderland Essay1275 Words   |  6 Pages The Victorian Era held many common beliefs that contrast to everything modern society holds as true.These beliefs ecompassed such areas as social theory, class differences, racial prejudices, the effect of capitalism in society, and the role and extent of education Lewis Carroll challenges and satirizes these social constructs in his novels Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass by the use of fantasy characters and settings. He confronts the reade r indirectly through Alice; as the fantasyRead MoreThe Importance of Being Earnest Essay1237 Words   |  5 PagesOscar Wilde is set in England in the late Victorian era. Wilde uses obvious situational and dramatic irony within the play to satirize his time period. According to Roger Sale in Being Ernest the title has a double meaning to it and is certainly another example of satire used by Wilde. With a comedic approach, Wilde ridicules the absurdities of the character’s courtship rituals, their false faces, and their secrets. (Sale, 478) In the Victorian era, courtship rituals were slightly different

Shimabara Rebellion in Japan

The Shimabara Rebellion was a peasant revolt against Matsukura Katsuie of the Shimabara Domain and Terasawa Katataka of the Karatsu Domain. Date Fought between December 17, 1637 and April 15, 1638, the Shimabara Rebellion lasted four months. Armies Commanders Shimabara Rebels Amakusa Shiro27,000-37,000 men Tokugawa Shogunate Itakura ShigemasaMatsudaira Nobutsuna125,000-200,000 men Shimabara Rebellion - Campaign Summary Originally the lands of the Christian Arima family, the Shimabara Peninsula was given to the Matsukura clan in 1614. As a result of their former lords religious affiliation, many of the inhabitants of the peninsula were Christian as well. The first of the new lords, Matsukura Shigemasa, sought advancement within the ranks of the Tokugawa Shogunate and aided in the construction of​ Edo Castle and a planned invasion of the Philippines. He also pursued a strict policy of persecution against local Christians. While Christians were persecuted in other areas of Japan, the degree of Matsukuras repression was considered particularly extreme by outsiders such as local Dutch traders. After taking over his new lands, Matsukura constructed a new castle at Shimabara and saw that the Arima clans old seat, Hara Castle, was dismantled. To finance these projects, Matsukura levied heavy taxes on his people. These policies were continued by his son, Matsukura Katsuie. A similar situation developed on the adjacent Amakusa Islands where the Konishi family had been displaced in favor of the Terasawas. In the fall of 1637, the discontented populace as well as local, masterless samurai began to meet in secret to plan an uprising. This broke out in Shimabara and the Amakusa Islands on December 17, following the assassination of the local daikan (tax official) Hayashi Hyà ´zaemon. In the revolts early days, the regions governor and more than thirty noblemen were killed. The ranks of the rebellion quickly swelled as all those living in Shimabara and Amakusa were forced to join the rebel armys ranks. The charismatic 14/16-year old Amakusa Shiro was selected to lead the rebellion. In an effort to snuff out the revolt, the governor of Nagasaki, Terazawa Katataka, dispatched a force of 3,000 samurai to Shimabara. This force was defeated by the rebels on December 27, 1637, with the governor losing all but 200 of his men. Taking the initiative, the rebels laid siege to the Terazawa clans castles at Tomioka and Hondo. These proved unsuccessful as they were forced to abandon both sieges in the face of advancing shogunate armies. Crossing the Ariake Sea to Shimabara, the rebel army laid siege to Shimabara Castle but were unable to take it. Withdrawing to the ruins of Hara Castle, they re-fortified the site using wood taken from their ships. Provisioning Hara with food and ammunition seized from Matsukuras storehouses at Shimabara, the 27,000-37,000 rebels prepared to receive the shogunate armies that were arriving in the area. Led by Itakura Shigemasa, shogunate forces laid siege to Hara Castle in January 1638. Surveying the situation, Itakura requested aid from the Dutch. In response, Nicolas Koekebakker, the head of the trading station at Hirado, sent gunpowder and cannon. Itakura next requested that Koekebakker send a ship to bombard the seaward side of Hara Castle. Arriving in de Ryp (20), Koekebakker and Itakura began an ineffective 15-day bombardment of the rebel position. After being taunted by the rebels, Itakura sent de Ryp back to Hirado. He was later killed in a failed attack on the castle and replaced by Matsudaira Nobutsuna. Seeking to regain the initiative, the rebels launched a major night raid on February 3, which killed 2,000 soldiers from Hizen. Despite this minor victory, the rebels situation worsened as provisions dwindled and more shogunate troops arrived. By April, the 27,000 remaining rebels were facing over 125,000 shogunate warriors. With little choice left, they attempted a break out on April 4, but were unable to get through Matsudairas lines. Prisoners taken during the battle revealed that the rebels food and ammunition were nearly exhausted. Moving forward, shogunate troops attacked on April 12, and succeeded in taking Haras outer defenses. Pushing on, they finally managed to take the castle and end the rebellion three days later. Shimabara Rebellion - Aftermath Having taken the castle, the shogunate troops executed all those rebels who were still alive. This coupled with those who committed suicide prior to the castles fall, meant that the entire 27,000-man garrison (men, women, children) died as a result of the battle. All told, approximately 37,000 rebels and sympathizers were put to death. As the rebellions leader, Amakusa Shiro was beheaded and his head taken back to Nagasaki for display. As the Shimabara Peninsula and the Amakusa Islands were essentially depopulated by the rebellion, new immigrants were brought in from other parts of Japan and the lands divided among a new set of lords. Ignoring the role that over-taxation played in causing the revolt, the shogunate opted to blame it on the Christians. Officially banning the faith, Japanese Christians were forced underground where they remained until the 19th century. In addition, Japan closed itself to the outside world, only allowing a few Dutch merchants to remain.

Economy of India - 2374 Words

November 5, 2005 Economic Growth and Development Economy of India The economy of India has seen an explosive amount of growth during the past few years. India s economy is the fourth largest in the world in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP) followed by a Gross Domestic Product of $3.3 trillion. India also has 8.1% Gross Domestic Product growth rate, which is second in the world (Economy of India 2005). India was the second fastest growing major economy in the world, with a GDP growth rate of 8.1% at the end of the first quarter of 2005Ââ€"06. However, India s huge population results in a relatively low per capita income of $3,100 at PPP (Economy of India 2005). India has an extremely diverse economy which includes many areas†¦show more content†¦The public sector controlled the large industries, telecommunications, and transportation systems of India. During the 1970 s India began to addressee the immense state control of the economy and sought to find ways of reducing government control. In the 1980 s India experience greater than average foreign aid to help funding in numerous development plans throughout the country (Economy of India: Analysis, Character and Structure 2000). As a result, when the price of oil rose sharply in August 1990, the nation faced a balance of payments crisis. The need for emergency loans led the government to make a greater commitment to economic liberalization than it had up to this time. In the early 1990s, India s post-independence development pattern of strong centralized planning, regulation and control of private enterprise, state ownership of many large units of production, trade protectionism, and strict limits on foreign capital was increasingly questioned not only by policy makers but also by most of the intelligentsia (Economy of India: Analysis, Character and Structure 2000). Private and public industry employment in India(2003) No. of persons employed in non-agricultural occupations in Public and Private Sectors. Data source: Economic Survey (2004-05) India s current population has continued to grow at a remarkable rate and is estimated at 1.027 billion people and has an annual growth rate of around 1.93% (1991-2001). This is down somewhatShow MoreRelatedindia economy1252 Words   |  5 PagesEconomics is the social science that studies the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services and in general the economy includes all of the countrys economic system, or any other area, employment, capital, natural resources, industry, trade, distribution, and consumption of goods and services in that region. The economy could also be described as a spatially limited social network where the exchange of goods and services in accordance with supply and demand among participantsRead MoreIndia Infrastructure Economy1876 Words   |  8 PagesINDIA ECONOMY INFRASR+TRUCTURE OVERVIEW India is rich in natural resources and manpower and has made significant economic progress since attaining independence in 1947. Indias economy encompasses traditional village farming, forestry, fishing, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a multitude of support services. Economy transformed from primarily agriculture, forestry, fishing, and textile manufacturing in 1947 to major heavy industry, transportation, and telecommunicationsRead MoreHow Entrepreneurship Has An Effect On The Economy Of India1557 Words   |  7 Pagesenhance the efficiency and supportability of assistance. As we assess the economic development and correlation with Entrepreneurship, we measure how Entrepreneurship has had an effect on the economy of India. The GEM (Global Entrepreneurship Model) was used as a reference to help with the case study of India. The GEM is viewed as venture is a yearly evaluation of the entrepreneurial movement, desires and states of mind of people over an extensive variety of nations. Started in 1999 as an organizationRead MoreIndia Closed Economy3117 Words   |  13 PagesCHAPTER 1 INDIA’S TRANSITION FROM A CLOSED TO AN OPEN ECONOMY A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. 1.1 These are the words of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, in his speech marking the Independence of India on 14 August 1947. These words still hold true today as India moves onto the global scene and is making its presence felt asRead MoreThe Problem Of The Internet807 Words   |  4 Pagesmight not work efficiently in India, neither in culture nor technological method. For cultural reason, religion would be the first cause which makes extremely negative effect for expanding internet service in India. Since the Hinduism is a kind of close religion, such as it does not encourage people to travel away from India, the ethic might not encourage people to use new technology such as internet. In addition, education is still a problem in India. The literacy in India is 74.04 percent, whic h isRead MoreMoney And Money For Money1240 Words   |  5 Pagesout more than $50 billions rupees, but the government was initially forced to limit ATM. ATM was limited to give out only 2,500 rupees and banks was limited to give out 24,000 rupees per week. About a third of business India is done with black money and in a heavily regulated economy. Government officials invest much of this money in real estate and not only is the property purchased with black money. The sellers pay less tax than they should because the prices have been understated. So if people justRead MoreEssay about Exposing the Corruption in India1218 Words   |  5 Pagestalked about subject. However, in India there is a problem with corruption, which has run out of control. People subject to poverty in India and considered poor by other nations’ standards are taken for what little cash they have or property they own by someone of a higher authority. What’s worse is those very people also begin doing the same. Corruption is an opportunity to many, and to some their only way to get ahead. This problem is so far reaching in India that one has to question how thingsRead More60 Years of Independence - Indias Achievements1616 Words   |  7 Pages60 years of Independence - Indias achievements Contemporary India with a scientist President and an economist Prime Minister is very successfully treading the fast track of development Starting from an utterly ruined and exploited country under the rule of the haughty Britishers who sponged away the India wealth, the story of Indias success in the last 60 years, is one of the proverbial rise from rags to riches. Indias development within a short span of time, to the level of a country whichRead MoreBehind The Beautiful Forevers By Katherine Boo Essay1560 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Novel Behind the Beautiful Forevers by Katherine Boo, India has entered new age of globalization that is causing growth the Indian people have never experienced before. The booming economy creates immense prosperity for a select group of Indians citizens, but still lacks opportunity for most of the poor population. With this globalization comes change to the community surrounding the people of Annawadi. The upper class citizens of India continue gaini ng wealth and the poor are trapped right whereRead MoreTerm Paper649 Words   |  3 Pages | |Study and analyze move of India towards|-----do------- | | | |3G and suggest solutions to the problem| | | | |its facing | | |3 | |Nuclear Liability Bill: Is India a mere|-----do------- | | |

The Catholic Church And The Reformation Essay - 2008 Words

To understand the history of the Protestant Church and the Reformation, it is first important to understand that one of the positions that claims the Catholic Church is apostolic succession. This simply means that they claim to be the sole authority over all other churches and denominations because they support the entire line of Roman Catholic Popes back to back centuries, to the apostle Peter. From their point of view, it gives the Catholic Church a unique authority which puts it above all other denominations or church. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, this apostolic succession is only found in the Catholic Church and no other church can not validly claim it. It is because of this apostolic succession that the Roman Catholic Church claims to have the sole authority to interpret Scripture and to establish doctrine, and also supports having a supreme leader, the Pope, who is infallible (without error) when he speaks ex cathedra - that is to say in the exercise of his ministry as pastor and teacher of all Christians. Thus, from the perspective of Roman Catholic teaching or traditions of the Roman Catholic Church, since they come from the Pope, are endowed with infallibility and an authority equal to that of the Scriptures them- same. This is one of the major differences between Roman Catholics and Protestants, and one of the fundamental reasons for the Protestant Reformation. Of course, the Roman Catholics are not the only ones to try to claim unique authorityShow MoreRelatedThe Reformation Of The Catholic Church1271 Words   |  6 PagesJackson Dukes Mr. Levy B3 3 March 2017 Killer Catholics Though millions of Catholics were brainwashed by higher-ranking church officials through cynical, selfish teachings, the reformation of the Catholic Church saved an immeasurable amount of lives by gaining religious freedom in Europe. I. Brainwashed Catholics A. Forced to work as slaves to church 1. Expected to work for free 2. Never taught any differently B. Forced to pay tithes 1. Rich people bribed 2. Relics as tribute C. Burned atRead MoreResponse Of The Catholic Church To The Reformation1055 Words   |  5 Pagesthe response of the Catholic Church to the Reformation. Long before the reformation period,people within the church, both clergy and lay were keen for the church to eliminate all corrupt practices and for a reform,which would bring everyone closer to God. Those high up in church authority had ignored the concerns made by these reformers because they were personally gaining from practices like indulgences. However the sixteenth century split of protestant from the Catholic church became obvious andRead MoreThe Protestant Reformation And The Catholic Church996 Words   |  4 Pages the Catholic Church built upon the bureaucratic organization of the Roman Empire, became powerful, but also very corrupt. Calls for reformation within the Church started as early as the twelfth century. To try to resolve doctrinal issues and reform the church, nine councils were called between 1215 and 1545. However, all nine councils failed to reach any noteworthy protocol and agreement regarding the Church. The clergy was unable to follow the Church’s rules and the abuses of the Catholic ChurchRead MoreProtestant Reformation And The Catholic Church Essay1339 Words   |  6 Pages1st period 10 November 2016 Catholic vs Protestant Throughout history, the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Church have developed similarities and differences among their religions. Because they are both a major part of history they’re both equally important. The most important thing is knowing facts about our history and major events that occurred. Catholicism and Protestantism are both two very different religions that have different opinions. While Catholics use statues and paintings asRead MoreThe Reformation : Four Challenges For The Catholic Church1176 Words   |  5 PagesThe Reformation: Four Challenges to the Catholic Church The Reformation was a European religious movement of monumental proportions and consequences, during which a new Christian religion, Protestantism, was created. Protestantism differs from other forms of Christianity in that it is not a single church, but many different churches, denominations, and congregations, it is extremely diverse. The first proto-Protestant congregations, even predate the Reformation, drawing their origins from an earlierRead MoreCatholic Church During The Protestant Reformation1464 Words   |  6 PagesThe three areas of concern that Catholics had about the Catholic Church before the Protestant Reformation were The Plague, Abuse of the Indulgences and The Great Schism. The Plague also known as the Black Death was a disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis that circulated among wild rodents. The disease took place in the fourteenth century. Symptoms include aching of limbs, high fever, vomiting of blood, and swelling of the lymph nodes. After the lymph nodes swelled they would then burstRead MoreThe Roman Catholic Church And The Protestant Reformation1496 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent denominations of Christianity in the world today including the Anglican Church, Orthodox Church, Catholicism, and Episcopal for example. Nonetheless, in the early 1500s, Catholicism was the predominant denomination. An argument that often comes up against the validity of Christianity is the actions of the Catholic church in the era prior to the Protestant Reformation. To quote Jesus Christ, â€Å"†¦build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it.† (Matthew 16:18). Many willRead MoreThe Effect Of The Reformation On The Roman Catholic Church1506 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effect of the Reformation on the Roman Catholic Church The Roman Catholic Church grew from an outlawed and persecuted religion to a well-organized and powerful ruling body in the western world. After the death of Jesus of Nazareth his disciples begin to spread his teachings of love and salvation through a single God. However, early Christians quickly became seen as a threat to the most powerful Empire at the time; Rome. Being monotheistic they refused to offer sacrifice to state ran cults andRead MoreThe Divide between the Catholic Church and the Protestant Reformation832 Words   |  3 PagesThe Counter-Reformation was the response of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation set in motion by Martin Luther. It was a period of revival for Catholicism stemming from the Council of Trent. The Council was established to address the numerous issues disputed by Protestantism, defining and reforming Church teachings, doctrine, and structure. Catholicism and Protestantism were also divided regarding the visual arts. The Protestant Refo rmation promoted iconoclasm, calling for the removalRead MoreThe Counter Reformation : A Response From The Catholic Church1288 Words   |  6 Pages The Counter Reformation was a response from the Catholic Church in Europe after Martin Luther posted the 95 Theses and the church was losing support and control. Beginning in 1545 with the Council of Trent where the hierarchy of the church discussed ways preserves the Roman Catholic Church again the protestant movement. In protestant churches there was no art work because they believed that there is only one god to worship and worshiping any other such as the saints was against their belief system

Life Through My Eyes Essay Example For Students

Life Through My Eyes Essay It was the day of my mums friend Junes wedding. Everything was fine and in place and it was a perfect sunny day. At the reception of the wedding I began to feel a pain around the back of my ribs. I thought I had just been hit there or something, so I took notice of it. I carried on with the day, talking and laughing. Feeling proud in my nice tartan kilt. When it got to dinner, it was about six oclock, I had a little bit of steak. It was nice and rare. I then started to feel sick. The pain was back, a sharp piercing pain. It felt like someone was slowly piercing my skin with a blade. The pain made me think about when my dad left us. To me the pain was the same, I missed him more than anything. Lifes evil I guess but you gotta deal with it. The party went on and I was feeling worse, I was pale white, white as a piece of chalk. We took a trip to Yorkhill Childrens Hospital later that night. The doctors immediately ran tests, I felt like I was in an experiment. I was constantly getting my bloods taken too. I was frightened that something serious was wrong, fear was stalking me and my thoughts were all over the place. Some time later the doctor came back with results, Harry you have Nephrotic Syndrome and its serious. I didnt know what it was but when I heard it was serious, my heart sank. I collapsed backwards onto the hospital bed in fear. Nephrotic Syndrome was a kidney disease, my kidneys were failing. I was treated very quickly and I was fine, Well I still felt like I went to hell and back. Who would have thought that so much of your life could be shattered at the age of three? I couldnt go abroad for nine years, I basically lived on steroids and had to go to the hospital nearly every week. Day after day I was at the hospital, It wasnt looking good, I had protein in my blood and I was taking in too much fluids. I hated being ill but loved it at the same time because I was always getting presents, It was like christmas every day. My kidneys played with me. I was fine for months then unwell for months. For years life was the same, in and out of the hospital constantly. I remember spending my birthday and New Years Day in hospital. I look back to then and feel lucky. When I was about eleven I had to get my finger pricked for bloods, In a cancer unit. It was for children and every week there would be a new patient, It was horrible. The children were always happy though and always fighting like mini versions of S. A. S in Afghanistan. When I was twelve, me and my mum were told that Nephrotic Syndrome was curable. It was a drip but it took two doses. To think that my disease could be cured felt amazing, I felt like I was on top of the world! When I got my first dose. I had to get a huge cannula, well what to me looked huge. It made me feel dizzy, sick and gave me a sore head. The eight hours id spent in hospital was paying off though. Life once again was the same as normal, just repetitive. During this time I felt lonely but I started to fit in at Rosshall and I realised I wasnt the only one who had to take regular medicine. There was someone else in the same year as me and their medicine and illness was very similar to mine. It felt great knowing someone else knew my pain. If i needed someone to talk to about it, I just turned to them, Life felt so much easier. A year and half or so later, I got my second dose of the medicine. Same as last time, nothing different or more interesting. So Im now here at this point in life, waiting

Accounting Theory & Issues Natural Sciences

Question: Write about theAccounting Theory Issuesfor Natural Sciences. Answer: Introduction This paper has examined the positive and negative aspects of positive accounting theory through analyzing the research article Half a Defense of Positive Accounting Research. The paper carry out a critical analysis of the given research article for gaining an in-depth understanding of its major arguments presented in context of positive accounting theory. This paper evaluates the argument presented in research article in relation to the positive accounting theory effectiveness in accounting researches. The overall research paper is about discussing the significance and importance of positive researches to accounting field (Dunmore, 2009). The paper is divided into various sections for covering the major points illustrated in the research article, that are, summary of article, research questions, theoretical framework, significance and limitations of article and at last presenting a conclusion for summarizing the key arguments of the research article. Summary of Article The given research study emphasizes and focuses on the use of positive theory in accounting researches. As per the article, the theory was developed by Watts and Zimmerman based on the principles of natural sciences. The theory thus gained dominance in accounting settings as it incorporate the principle of sciences and thus helpful in explaining the cause and effect relationships of accounting. The theory since its development was used on a large scale by the accountants in developing an understanding of the rational human behavior in accounting. The theory is not based on accounting standards but instead try to explain the actual reality of the accounting conventions. The accounting researches also incorporate the use of natural science problems in resolving the accounting issues (Chambers and Dean, 2013). Therefore, the theory finds extensive application in positive accounting researches for maintaining the scientific nature of these researches. The author in this context in the re search article has emphasized on explaining the use of positive theory in accounting researches through demonstrating several examples. The author has stated through citing various examples of positive research in accounting that the concept of positive accounting research is much broader than the positive theory (Dunmore, 2009). Thus, the positive accounting researches need the implementation of other theoretical models too for successfully resolving the scientific nature of accounting problems (Chatfield and Vangermeersch, 2014). The research article has argued that though theory is being widely used in accounting researches it is not able to successfully their scientific aims and objectives. The major problems faced by the researchers through the use of PAT (Positive Accounting Theory) model are analyzed and presented by the author in the research article. As per the author, the method of positive accounting was used initially to gain a better knowledge of the use of accounting practices in reality but it is proving to be quite insufficient in meeting all the needs of a broad positivist research program. The theory aims to provide an understanding of a particular accounting practice by observing empirical evidences related to it and thus making predictions about the future events based on the empirical results (Ghnabari et al., 2016). PAT. It is used mainly to develop an understanding of the selection of a particular accounting method by business firms. Thus, it tends to explain the reason behind the use of an accounting method over others by businesses worldwide. The theory as based on economic principles uses statistics data for deriving conclusions based on such data (Mattessich, 2013). However, as pointed by the author in the research article, the main weakness of positivist theory using PAT model is that largely relies on use of statistical hypothesis testing for deriving results. The theory thus largely ignores the concept of measurement and is only based on predictions rather than estimation (Dunmore, 2009). The accounting data is subject to various errors and thus should incorporate the concept of measurement for ascertaining the errors in advance (Kabir, 2008). The author thus argues in the research article that accounting researches need the implementation of theoretical models that is based on estimation and not predictions. The quantitative nature of scientific researches is also explained in the research article through the use of Poppers falsification criterion. The author has used the criterion for testing the scientific nature of positive accounting researches and pointing the deficiencies present in the current accounting researches. The theory of positive accounting was regarded to be more scientific than normative accounting theories. The theory of normative accounting is based on value judgment and provides explanation to the accounting phenomena on the basis of subjective morality and accounting standards (Deegan, 2014). The theory of positive accounting though regarded better than normative accounting theories has certain drawbacks that impedes its successful adoption in accounting settings (Abdel-Kader, 2011). At last, the aut hor in the research article has proposed the development of better theoretical models that can be used in accounting researches. The theoretical models used should be based on testable predictions and more analytic research so they prove to be successful in achieving the scientific aims of quantitative positive accounting researches (Dunmore, 2009). Research Question The given research article is based on providing answer to the following research question Does positive researches is able to maintain the scientific nature of accounting researches?. Also, there are few sub-research questions that the research study intends to provide answer in addition with the above mentioned main research questions. These are as follows: Why positivist theory finds extensive application in scientific researches? What are the challenges present before the accounting researchers in using the model of PAT in accounting researches? Does a better theoretical model need to be developed based ion testable predictions for achieving the quantitative objectives of accounting researches? The above mentioned research questions are developed on the basis of theoretical arguments illustrated in the literature review section of the research article. The theoretical arguments presented are based on the views and opinions of previous researchers that are being analyzed in the present research study (Dunmore, 2009). Theoretical Framework The theoretical framework of the research study is developed on the basis of theoretical data collected from the work of the previous researchers in relation to the research topic. The author has collected the views and opinions of previous researchers for providing an understanding of the contribution and criticism of positivist theory in accounting researches. The theoretical framework of the research article has pointed that the concept of positive accounting research is much wider than the positivist theory. The positivist theory only provides an explanation of the rational human behavior in accounting field while positive accounting research demands an appropriate understanding of both rational as well as non-rational human behavior. Thus, as such the theory of positive accounting is largely claimed to be incapable in maintaining the scientific basis of accounting researches (Wolk et al., 2012). Also, the theory of positive accounting can be used only in quantitative positive re searches as it is based mainly on the logic of hypothesis statistical testing. However, researchers have claimed that scientific theories are not always quantitative but can be also qualitative such as Darwin theory of evolution. Thus, the positivist theory of accounting can only be used in conducting quantitative accounting researches and not suitable for qualitative researches (Dunmore, 2009). The theoretical framework of the article has illustrated the use of Poppers falsification criterion for developing an understanding of the quantitative nature of positive accounting theories. As per the criterion, a quantitative scientific theory provides testable predictions that are susceptible to falsification. Thus, testable predictions obtained from a scientific theory are analyzed and evaluated by comparing them to the prediction of a standard theory. The theory is falsified on scientific basis if its predictions turn out to false during testing. The poppers criterion is used by the au thor for explaining the scientific nature of positive accounting researches. The author has stated that the common problems associated with the use of positive theory in accounting researches is that only incorporates the use of hypothesis testing through the collection of statistical data. The theory does not incorporate the use of measurement for identifying the errors in accounting data. Thus, in absence of adequate measurement the rewards obtained from hypothesis testing can be untrue and thus positive accounting researchers lacks credibility and reliability (Gaffikin, 2008). The author has proposed that accounting researches should also adopt the concept of measurement for providing a reliable outcome from the accounting researches. The theoretical framework of the article has thus demonstrated a large gap present in the current theoretical model used in accounting researches for maintaining their scientific nature. The author has also pointed that positive accounting researche s only used ad-hoc quantitative models for explaining the relationship between tow variables. Thus, the theory lacks analytic researches and there is high need for development of better theoretical models that can help in providing an understanding of the analytical relationship between the tested accounting variables (Dunmore, 2009). Significance and Limitations of Article The research article is highly significant in gaining an understanding of the effectiveness of positive theory in maintaining the practical nature of accounting researches. The research study has provided an understanding of the current gap in positive accounting researches in providing a reliable outcome. The study has urged for the need of developing better theoretical models that can be used in accounting researches so that it is able to provide an explanation of the accounting practices used by business firms. The main limitation of the research study is that it relies only on subjective data for analyzing the shortcomings of the positive accounting theory model. The research study is mainly based on the adoption of quantitative research methodology as it has analyzed the theoretical arguments presented by previous researchers in context of the research topic. Thus, the research study lacks objectivity and does not explore any new perspective in context of the positive accounting researches. This has impacted the credibility of the research study as there is no incorporation of primary data for developing an accurate answer for the research problem. This will also impact the significance of the research study to be used in future context by accounting researchers. The research is purely qualitative in nature and therefore the outcome achieved from it lacks reliability in absence of support of any practical evidences. The author also need to demonstrate empirical data in support of theoretical conclusions provided for enhancing the validity and credibility of the research to be used in future accounting context (Dunmore, 2009). This is necessary for enhancing the significance and importance of the research article (Bovens et al., 2014). Conclusion The research article has provided an in-depth understanding of the positive accounting theory and its contribution in scientific researches. The major problems as stated in the research article regarding the use of positive theory in accounting researches are that is only based on analyzing the statistics data and logic of hypotheses testing. Thus, as such the result obtained is not error-free in absence of measuring and assessing the accounting data. Also, the theory is not able to provide an appropriate explanation of the cause of non-rational human behavior in accounting field. These problems need to be overcome by the accounting researchers for gaining successful outcome from the accounting researchers. The author, in the context, has recommended the adoption of better theoretical model based on analytic researches that are able to provide testable predictions for developing an understanding of the accounting practices. The theory developed by Watts and Zimmerman of positive acco unting as such needs modification to be used successfully in contemporary accounting researches. Therefore, it can be summarized form the research article that positive accounting theory is used in academic researches in accounting for gaining an understanding of the reality of accounting practices. However, there exist wide gaps in the usefulness of this theory in achieving the scientific objectives of accounting researches. References Abdel-Kader, M. G. 2011. Review of Management Accounting Research. Springer. Bovens, M., Goodin, R. E., and Schillemans, T. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Public Accountability. OUP Oxford. Chambers, R. J., and Dean, G. W. 2013. Chambers on Accounting: Logic, Law and Ethics. Routledge. Chatfield, M. and Vangermeersch, R. 2014. The History of Accounting (RLE Accounting): An International Encylopedia. Routledge. Deegan, C. 2014. Financial Accounting Theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. 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