Saturday, September 7, 2019
People’s Opinions Essay Example for Free
People’s Opinions Essay In this life, each and every person has his or her own personal beliefs regardless of his loyalty or disloyalty, in certain cases. The difference in personal beliefs of people lies in the fact that some of them hold his or her opinion as the correct one regardless whether or not it is right or wrong. This flawed thinking has led others to force those with separate or different opinions to force upon others their own personal beliefs and convictions even though their own opinions may be wrong. There are those, however, who, despite the pressures exerted by others to change their opinion, cling on to their beliefs and opinions because they truly believe in their convictions. In my humble opinion, these are the people who become more successful than others. First of all, people who hold their opinions are more respected by people. There is no better way of convincing people about one’s strength in character and belief than by holding on to those beliefs firmly. These people always seem to know what they are talking about and are steadfast in their resolve. In doing so, these people are able to convince others to believe in their own beliefs; most especially those who are hesitant or undecided on their personal convictions. Moreover, having the strength of resolve is very helpful especially when it comes to sharing ideas and opinions. More often than not, those who argue about matters that they do not believe in, quickly waver in their arguments. Those who hang on to their beliefs always prevail in the end. The second reason is that people who stick by their opinions often have the self-confidence that is needed to get the better end of the bargain come negotiations. A perfect example of this would be the time when one of my friends, not too long ago, was discussing a certain subject matter that he was not totally convinced of but decided that he would be more convinced if he was able to gain some support for his topic. As fate would have it, he was having the discussion with me and I had a different opinion on the matter. Disregarding the fact on who was truly right, it did not take long before I was able to convince my friend that my friend was wrong. What this shows is that, in order to be successful in life, one must have a strong personality and must be convinced that his or her cause is the right cause. I could have easily given up on the matter but I was not about to let go of my convictions. In the end, I was able to convince my friend and ever since he has developed a stronger character. His character has become so strong and his insight so powerful that even older people enjoy having conversations with him even though he is more than half the age of most of them. Thirdly, people who hold onto their opinions are more likely to develop their skills and have a good knowledge by reading, talking, and sharing controversial topics to encourage himself/herself to develop their skills to get a strong opinion, while people who have been affected by other people to change their opinions easily are rarely excited to develop their skills and knowledge because they have to depend on to have good results. Though it may seem that having a strong character may prevent one from learning more, believing in something and dedicating one’s self to knowing the truth with respect to a matter of fact does indeed strengthen one’s character. There are basically two kinds of people; People who merely parrot what other people say and think and those who have the strength to believe when nobody else does. I believe that I belong to the latter. I know what I believe in and I am not shy about those convictions.
Friday, September 6, 2019
Carl Linnaeus Essay Example for Free
Carl Linnaeus Essay Linnaeus Report Born in 1707 to a country parson in Rashult, southern Sweden, the young Linnaeus showed a keen interest in plants and flowers and by the age of eight, was given the nickname ‘the little botanist’. Linnaeus studied medicine, first at the University of Lund and then at the University of Uppsala. Medicine at this time was based on herbals so it meant he also studied plants. He shared his passion for plants with Olaf Celsius whom he met at Uppsala. Linnaeus is most widely known for creating systems for naming and classifying plants and animals. Realizing that new plants were being discovered faster than their relationships could be established, he first came up with a simple classification based upon the number of floral parts of each plant. This system remained popular into the nineteenth century. Gradually Linnaeus also developed a system of names in which each species of plant and animal had a genus (class or group) name followed by a specific name. For example, Plantago virginica and Plantago lanceolata were the names of two species of plantain (an herb). Botanists agreed in 1905 to accept his Species plantarum (1753) and zoologists (scientists who study animals) agreed to accept his Systema naturae (1758) as the official starting points for scientific names of plants and animals. He was one of the most influential scientists of his time. His theory of classication allowed for clear and easy descriptions of plants, animals and minerals. So straightforward was his new naming system, it is still used by scientists today.
Thursday, September 5, 2019
Contribution of right hemisphere to language
Contribution of right hemisphere to language THE IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION OF THE RIGHT HEMISPHERE TO LANGUAGE 10 The Important Contribution of the Right Hemisphere to Language Cheimonidou Panagiota ELTE Abstract Does the right hemisphere of the brain have any contribution to linguistic function? The argument of this research paper is that it does. Language is not lateralized only to the left hemisphere of the brain. Although this thesis is challenged, it can be proved by the fact that damage to it can cause language impairment, affect our understanding of the context of speech (oral and written), disable our comprehension of linguistic prosodic features. Moreover, supporting evidence substitutes the fact that linguistic function can completely switch itself to the right hemisphere of the brain, when the left one is damaged. This is only part of the argumentation that could be made to support the important role of the right side of the brain. Still, it proves adequately that language has to do with both sides of the brain, and that the right one should not be overlooked. The Important Contribution of the Right Hemisphere to Language The point of this study is to discuss the important contribution of the right cerebral hemisphere to language. It will be very interesting to support this view with evidence, since many arguments have been made against it, stating that language locates itself only on the left side of the brain and the right hemisphere has nothing to do with it. In order to highlight the importance of the right side of the brain for language, the structure of this research is based on facts (mostly on what follows right hemisphere damage) and on previous work in the field (e.g. , Field, 2003; Beeman Chiarello, 1998; Cook, 1984). To begin with, before starting talking about the important role of the right hemisphere to language, I believe I should first be more specific about the term lateralization. Brain or cerebral lateralization focuses on the fact that our brain is divided in half: the right hemisphere and the left hemisphere. As most of us know, our brain is such uniquely complex that it is hard to know all its specific functions with every little detail; but what we do know for sure is that our brain is so efficient that does the remarkable job of carving out specialties, dividing tasks: The left side of the brain specializes in one set of tasks, while the right side specializes in another. On a broad level, we can say that the left hemisphere deals with linear, structured, analytical, rational, logical and sequential tasks, while the right hemisphere focuses on big-picture thinking, on tasks that are about the whole, the context of a situation rather than the explicit detailed text, about holistic way of perception, dealing with things all at once, visualizing, synthesizing and not analyzing. So, lateralization deals with the two sides of the brain and the distinct functions that are allocated to each one of them. The interesting part in lateralization, is attempting to track in what way the two sides of the brain contribute to language. Indeed, this is a controversial issue that has long been under debate and is questioned until now. The long-held view is that linguistic function has to do only with the left side of the brain and nothing to do with the right one. Luckily, over the course of the years, this view is questioned. Many linguists and scientists have carried out important research which shows that the right hemisphere of the brain should not be overlooked in terms of language. One of them, Mark Beeman (1998), argues that the right hemisphere (RH) processes language (p. ix) and admits that this view still causes intense discussions which often conclude to the argument that the right hemisphere has only paralinguistic function (p. ix). The same view is shared by Terrence Deakon (1997) who says that [t]he right side of the brain is not the non-language hemisphere. It is critically and intimately involved in language processing at many levels during both development and maturity (154). Holding the same view, I believe that the linguistic function is not completely gathered in the left hemisphere. The left side of the brain may play an important role for language- perhaps the most important- but it is not sufficient without the right side. It is like a puzzle with some pieces missing. The importance of the right hemisphere is further discussed below. Perhaps one of the most convincing and strong arguments in favor of the significant contribution of the right hemisphere to language, is that it affects the understanding of stories and jokes. This conclusion came from the fact that patients who had their right side of the brain damaged, experienced the same symptom: basically they could not comprehend the context of a narrative or a joke. Diana S. Woodruff- Pak (1997) says that people with their right prefrontal lobe damaged, usually cannot make successful jokes and puns or tell meaningful stories (147). Dennis Coon and John O. Mitterer (2007), based also on results of patients with their right side of the brain damaged, prove that these people fail to understand the overall context of what is said and therefore can no longer comprehend other nuances of language, namely jokes, irony, sarcasm, implications. The same symptom is highlighted by Terrence Deakon (1997) who argues that right hemisphere damage results in failure to gras p the logic of the whole (164). Norman D. Cook (1984) also argues that [t]he understanding of short stories requires one to grasp [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] the consistency, overall coherence and sequence of events (32), but when right hemisphere damage takes place, these abilities are lost and the coherence of verbal output is degraded, leading to unwitting humor, paramnesias and an inability to carry a train of thought to its logical conclusion (32). All the above converge to the fact that basically the right hemisphere helps us realize the overall context of language, without which the complete meaning of language cannot be transferred. Therefore, a person with right hemisphere damage will not be able to realize the complete components of a story (for example if part of the story is missing), or appreciate a joke, since s/he takes everything literally and misses the bigger picture. In relation to the connection between the right hemisphere and story and joke comprehension, there could also be made an interesting combination with autism. It has been proved that right hemisphere lesion can result in autism. Cecil R. Reynolds and Elaine Fletcher- Janzen (2009), talked about the finding that individuals with autism had a left ear preference for dichotic listening for both verbal and musical stimuli (p.775). Having in mind that the left hemisphere controls the right part of the body while the right hemisphere controls the left, we can realize that, here, it is the right hemisphere that has to do with verbal stimuli, with speech. So, it is not just the left part of the brain that has to do with language impairment. But what has this to do with the understanding of stories and jokes? Well, Ozonoff and Miler (as cited in Field, 2003) proving with their experiments that patients with autism and right-hemisphere patients have symptoms in common, said that these people fo und it hard to understand the correct ending of a joke and that both groups might have similar problems in cognitive flexibility (775). Concerning story comprehension they moved on saying that these people face difficulties when it comes to understand details of a short story by using context and meaning (775). This again shows how damage to the right side of the brain causes loss of the ability to understand the overall context of language, and also underlines the importance of the right hemisphere since it proves that lesions to it can result in language impairment. Moving on to another reason why the right hemisphere of the brain plays an important role for language, we should consider its relation to the prosodic parts of language. Merely understanding the meaning of words and the syntax of sentences does not lead to adequate mastering of language. Language as a whole, consists of prosodic and gesture features too, and this is what the right hemisphere is responsible for. Kolb and Whishaws statements (as cited in Woodruff-Pak, 1997) were very interesting, since they were the first to conclude that the frontal lobes and the right hemisphere appear more involved in the mediation of emotion than the left hemisphere (147). When we hear someone speaking, we must be able to understand the tone of his voice, the pitch of his speech. Without this ability, we would not be able to interpret the meaning and intentions of the speaker. Indeed, when the right hemisphere is damaged, people lose this ability. Danny D. Steinberg (1993) illustrates that these p eople seem to have difficulties in processing speech as a prosodic syntactic distinction (249), while Dennis L. Molfese and Sidney J. Segalowitz (1988) similarly say that these people find it hard to express and understand the prosodic feature of language ( namely the emotional tone and the pitch alterations of speech)(484). What is also interesting is the fact that apart from the disability to understand a speakers tone, emotion and pitch, a person with RH damage will also be unable to understand the other peoples reactions to his own speech. As Molfese and Segalowitz (1988) say, such a person will have difficulty comprehending others emotional reaction to his or her behavior, and also his/her speech will be monotonous and lack emotional changes in pitch and tone (484). Consequently, these studies prove that language would not be conveyed sufficiently without the right side of the brain. Furthermore and most importantly, I want to talk about another phenomenon which I believe gives convincing evidence for the active role that the right hemisphere plays in linguistic functions: the ability of the right hemisphere to take over language function when the left hemisphere is damaged. As Steinberg and Sciarini (1993) point out, the right hemisphere has some language functions and can take over the complete language functioning of the left hemisphere when that hemisphere has been surgically removed or damaged (249). This phenomenon is usually observed at an early age. It refers to the equipotentiality theory about which Bruce E. Murdoch (2010) states that it is the analogous capacity of the two cerebral hemispheres to subserve language functions subsequent to unilateral brain damage, so that a shift from language competency from one hemisphere to the other is easily accomplished at a young age (162). This young age is referred to as infancy by Lenneberg (as cited by Field, 2003) who states that if necessary, language can place itself on the right side of the brain due to the flexible relationship which exists between the two hemispheres. But although most cases- where language can develop as well in the right as in the left hemisphere- take place at a young age, we have not reached to a certain conclusion. Until now, there is no evidence that the brain stops to be flexible at an older state. For instance, there was the case of a woman above 50 years old, who suffered left hemisphere damage and managed to recover until a stroke damaged her right side of the brain, too. Either the case, the point is that the right hemisphere of the brain has the ability to replace the linguistic function of the left hemisphere. The important contribution of the right hemisphere to language is an issue that surely can be further discussed, since research is carried out every day in order to reach a more solid view of what is happening in our brain. Nonetheless, I believe that all the cases mentioned above, give pretty clear evidence that the right side of the brain is not merely a silent viewer in terms of language. It plays an active role since we saw how it a) affects our understanding of the overall linguistic context, b) damage to it can cause inability to understand the prosodic features of language or even result in language impairment, c) lateralization can be switched in order to adapt to loss or damage. As far as language is concerned, the significance of the right side of the brain should not be overlooked, and we should understand that left hemisphere alone could not be sufficient in appropriate language production. References Beeman, M., Chiarello, C. (1998). Right Hemisphere LanguageComprehension:              Perspectives from cognitive Neuroscience. Retrieved from              http://books.google.com/books?id=3zwOmRAc43gCprintsec=frontcoverdq=the+i             mportance+of+right+hemisphere+to+languagehl=elcd=1#v=onepageq=the%20i             mportance%20of%20right%20hemisphere%20to%20languagef=false Cook, D. N. (2002). Tone of Voice and Mind. Retrieved from              http://books.google.com/books?id=eE47oz78XhMCpg=PA32dq=jokes+and+RH+d             amagehl=elcd=1#v=onepageq=jokes%20and%20RH%20damagef=false Coon, D., Mitterer, O. J. (2007). Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind              and Behavior. Retrieved from              http://books.google.com/books?id=V6EHmNCmEWQCpg=PA67dq=right+hemisp             here+and+jokeshl=elcd=2#v=onepageq=right%20hemisphere%20and%20jokes             f=false Deacon, T. (2003). Lateralization as Competition. In J. Field (Ed.), Psycholinguistics: A             resource book for students (p.155). New York: Routledge. (Reprinted from The              symbolicspecies, pp 311-315, 1997, London: Penguin) Field, J. (2003). Language and the brain. In Psycholinguistics: A resource book for              students (p.7). New York: Routledge. Molfese, L. D. Segalowitz, J. S. (1998). Brain Lateralization in Children: Developmental              Implications. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=un-             AIyRU328Cpg=PA485dq=lateralization+and+jokeshl=elcd=2#v=onepageqf=             false Murdoch, E. B. (2010). Acquired Speech and Disorders:A Neuroanatomical and Functional Neurological Approach. Retrieved from              http://books.google.com/books?id=PplrjvH8Zb8Cpg=PT160dq=the+importance+             of+right+hemisphere+to+languagehl=elcd=2#v=onepageq=the%20importance             %20of%20right%20hemisphere%20to%20languagef=false Reynolds, R. C., Fletcher- Janzen E. (2009). Handbook of Clinical Child Neuropsychology.              Retrieved from              http://books.google.com/books?id=w1YrFypvmn8Cpg=PA775dq=lateralization+a             nd+jokeshl=elcd=6#v=onepageqf=false Steinberg, D. D., Sciarini, V. N. (1993). An Introduction to Psycholinguistics. Retrieved from              http://books.google.com/books?id=P5ZTXnzSCBYCpg=PA248dq=lateralization+ps             ycholinguisticshl=elcd=4#v=onepageq=lateralization%20psycholinguisticsf=fal             se Woodruff- Pak, S. D. (1997). The Neuropsychology of Aging. Retrieved from              http://books.google.com/books?id=qHLua6dOYvwCpg=PA147dq=lateralization+a             nd+jokeshl=elcd=3#v=onepageq=lateralization%20and%20jokesf=false
Wednesday, September 4, 2019
Psychology :: essays research papers
Reaction Paper 1 (Sample Reaction Paper) Ron Gerrard, HWS Psychology Department      My paper is based on an article from the text’s web site (chapter 9) entitled â€Å"Lack of sleep ages body’s systems.†The basic claim of the article is that sleep deprivation has various harmful effects on the body. The reported effects include decreased ability to metabolize glucose (similar to what occurs in diabetes) and increased levels of cortisol (a stress hormone involved in memory and regulation of blood sugar levels). The article also briefly alludes (in the quote at the bottom of page 1) to unspecified changes in brain and immune functioning with sleep deprivation.      Intuitively, these results make a lot of sense to me. I know that when I’m sleep deprived for any significant amount of time, I begin to feel physically miserable. I also seem to be more vulnerable to colds and other physical ailments. In thinking about it though, most of the times I’m sleep deprived are also periods of psychological stress (such as finals week). To the extent that there are changes in my physical well-being, I’m wondering whether they are due to the sleep deprivation, the stress itself, or some combination of the two.      In principle, a careful experiment should be able to isolate the effects of sleep deprivation by depriving people of sleep in the absence of stress and other such confounding variables. That seems to be what this experiment does, but as I read the article closely, I found myself unsure that the effects it reports are necessarily due to sleep deprivation per se.      I realize that a brief summary article like this does not provide all the details of the experimental methodology, but a couple of things that were reported in the article struck me as curious. The researchers studied physical functioning (cortisol levels, etc.) in men who had a normal night’s sleep (eight hours in bed) the first three nights of the study, followed by a period of sleep deprivation (four hours in bed) the next six nights of the study, and finally a period of sleep recovery (12 hours in bed) the last seven nights of the study. In reporting the effects on the body (the discussion of glucose metabolism, in the fifth paragraph of the article) the author’s compare the sleep deprivation stage only to the sleep recovery stage, not to normal sleep. This seems to me like doing an experiment on drunkenness and comparing the drunk stage to the hangover stage, without ever reporting what happens when the person is sober.
Tuesday, September 3, 2019
truth within experience Essay -- essays research papers
Truth Within Experiments      Milgram and Asch reports about obedience are different. In Milgrim’s report he was trying to say that people will do something to the extreme even if they are hurting someone or something. The experiment he decided to construct shows just that. His experiment shows that will power can go a long way. Asch’s reported experiment showed that people can be easily influenced by a group of people. And if the one person feels alone in a group situation the majority is correct. Social pressure is the factor in this case.      The basic question in Milgram’s report comes down to who are we and should we obey when it interferes with our conscience? Based on his writing about what he learned in his experiment average people learned more about themselves and how much will power they had. On the other hand, Asch hoped to learn the extent of peer pressure. Will a group of people alter the thinking of one individual? He states that the tests also illustrate a new kind of attack on the problem and some of the more subtle questions that it raises ( 307). Each psychologist designed their own unique experiment to study and research the answers to their questions.      Migram’s first experiment consists of two people in a laboratory. The learner is sent to a room and is strapped into an electric chair. He is also told he is to listen to a list of paired words to remember and if he gets them...
Monday, September 2, 2019
Traditional Ways Or Not :: essays research papers
Traditional Ways Or Not From generation to generation plays have become a major part of our existence. For some families customs and traditions can either make or break a family. Some family traditions mean a lot. However breaking a family custom can start major uproars or even serious altercations between family members. For some families fights and altercations cam also bring them closer as a family. In the play " A Doll House " written by Henrik Isben, conflicts and customs play important roles for the survival of the Helmer family. For Nora Helmer growing up in the shadow of her husband Torvald and her father was Nora 's way of life. In the play " A Doll House " Nora is faced with a past mistake which leaves her in disbelief. Throughout the play Nora tries to hide the secret from her husband , but runs into a problem. Nils Krogstad who was fired from the bank by Torvald is going to blackmail Nora if she does not help him get his job at the bank back. " When your husband was ill, you came to me to borrow two hundred and fifty pounds." ( Isben, 22). Nora must tell her husband Torvald that she has taken money without his consent, which in those days was against the law. Nora is faced with a very serious matter which can end her marriage if Torvald finds out about the loan. At the end of the play Torvald finds out about the loan which ends the marriage and breaks up the family for good. This shows how important family customs and traditions mean to the Helmer family. To some people having a family means everything in the world. Nora on the other hand leaving her husband and children behind was easy to do. At the end of the play Nora Helmer leaves her family do to the fact that she does not love her Husband Torvald anymore. " No, I have never been happy. I thought I was, but it has never really been so. I must try to educate myself- you are not the man to help me in that. I must do that for myself. And that is why I am going to leave you now." ( Isben, 66). Nora feels that she has been treated unfairly and needs to move on. Torvald forgives Nora, but it is not enough to keep her around any longer.
Sunday, September 1, 2019
Healthcare Management Essay
When creating a strategic business plan, one of the most important analysis tools that can help management identify areas that need improvement and the areas that are strong and already beneficial to the company is a SWOT analysis. Using this tool management can determine the parts of a business that may need more of their time and resources in order to outcome obstacles that may prevent growth. In this paper, we will create a SWOT analysis for our fictitious company Vandalay Healthcare Inc. Strategic Healthcare Plan A SWOT analysis is a tool that can be used by management to measure or audit the organization as a whole. SWOT is an acronym for the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats by internal and external that can effect and hinder a company in various ways. Using the SWOT analysis a company can learn to identify the parts of a business that are helping the business grow and the same analysis can identify areas where the business can make improvements (Marketing Teacher, 2012). The greatest distinguished features that management should include when creating a SWOT analysis is, where the business is today and where it hopes to be in the future, and the analysis should be subjective and specific, the most effective analysis are short and direct. The SWOT that was created for the fictitious company, Vandalay Healthcare Inc., is as follows: SWOT Analysis Vandalay Healthcare Inc. The goals for Vandalay Healthcare Inc., as defined in the company’s mission and vision statements is to become one of the most successful company’s in the field of Certified Life Care Planning, and also to build the company to maintain a certain level of integrity. The external and internal environments that would directly affect this company can possibly cause the company to become in financial trouble at some point, since the knowledge of the field is expanding and the threats of medical advancements could hinder the need for this type of business, the company can be tempted to cut corners. However, by instilling the vision and mission statement the company was founded and expanded on, the possibilities to allow this type of behavior can decrease by over 75%. A continuous improvement plan is defined as a process that continues to bring gradual change to a business (O’Hara, 2012). In the development of the continuous improvement plan the company must first decide where they plan on going in the future. For Vandalay Healthcare Inc., the company has already established the desire to be one of the best CLCP types of companies in existence. The best way to achieve this is by evaluating the outcome measures for the company. The outcomes are specifically the results achieved by the interaction of the patient/client and the business (Mireles, n.d.). To measure the outcomes Vandalay Healthcare Inc., will provide survey cards to be completed by clients, which will be done on an anonymous basis. By allowing the clients/patients to complete the surveys on an anonymous basis, the company can indicate the areas in the service sector that may have issues as well as eliminate any gaps that can occur in the performance areas of a business. The vision and mission statements for Vandalay Healthcare Inc. are as follows: In the next few years, Vandalay Healthcare Inc. will have succeeded in establishing a name for itself within the field of Certified Life Care Planner by being an honest organization that focuses 100% on patient care. And the mission statement for Vandalay Healthcare Inc., is: âž ¢Patient Care Mission – to provide the best care to every patient regardless of the ethnic, cultural, or demographic background âž ¢Community Mission – provide support within the community by providing honest medical care âž ¢Economic Mission – operate and grow the organization at a profitable rate through sound economic decisions The SWOT analysis and the continuous improvement plan are both focusing on the constant improvement of patient care. Our company’s mission and vision statements are both also directly focused on the patient care. The company’s service strategy is related to the environment of the facility itself. The environment includes the employees, having the proper training and the company being adequately staffed to accommodate clients in a timely and professional manner. And the setting and following guidelines set forth by government agencies to ensure the moral and ethical standards of the company are higher then the others, as to set Vandalay Healthcare Inc. on a different level then similar companies within the same industry. By adhering to each of these goals, such as the mission statement, the vision statement and the intended service strategy, Vandalay Healthcare Inc. can set new standards within the healthcare industry, and this can be beneficial to the healthcare organization as a whole be causing other agencies to also raise the quality of care their patients may currently receive. Reference: Marketing Teacher. (2012). SWOT Analysis. Retrieved on July 8, 2012, from http://www.marketingteacher.com/lesson-store/lesson-swot.html Mireles, Sandra. (n.d.). How to Measure Outcomes & Evaluations. Retrieved on July 8, 2012, from http://www.ehow.com/how_6578817_measure-outcomes-evaluations.html O’Hara, Jane. (2012). How to Develop a Continuous Improvement Plan. Retrieved on July 8, 2012, from http://www.ehow.com/how_8054214_develop-continuous-improvement-plan.html
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